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Simpson, B., Eriksson, K., Vartanova, I., Strimling, P., Merchán Tamayo, J. P., Abdi, K. A....Van Lange, P. A. M.  (2026). How norms depend on the presence and status of observers: The relational contingency of everyday behaviors in 90 societies. American Sociological Review, N/A. https://doi.org/10.1177/00031224261464586

B. Simpson et al.,  "How norms depend on the presence and status of observers: The relational contingency of everyday behaviors in 90 societies", in American Sociological Review, vol. N/A, 2026

@article{simpson2026_1790069159392,
	author = "Simpson, B. and Eriksson, K. and Vartanova, I. and Strimling, P. and Merchán Tamayo, J. P. and Abdi, K. A. and Ad, N. and Aldashev, A. and Ali, H. M. and Alì, M. and Aliyev, K. and Alrefaee, Y. and Alvarado Ortiz, A. E. and Andersson, P. A. and Andrighetto, G. and Arikan, G. and Aruta, J. J. B. R. and Ayikwa, C. L. and Baños-Chaparro, J. and Barrera, D. and Batkeyev, B. and Batool, A. and Berezina, E. and Bimina, S. N. and Björnstjerna, M. and Blumen, S. and Boski, P. and Boštjančič, E. and Boum, Y. and Briguglio, M. and Bui, H. T. T. and Caycho-Rodríguez, T. and Chen, Y. and Chiweshe, M. K. and Choi, H. and Contreras-Ibáñez, C. C. and Čorkalo, D. and Cruz-Torres, C. E. and Czakó, A. and de Zoysa, P. and Demetrovics, Z. and Dinić, B. M. and Drače, S. and El-Haddad, R. W. and Engelmann, J. B. and Escudero Pérez, I. and Euh, H. and Fang, X. and Frank, C. and Freidin, E. and Fülöp, M. and Gamsakhurdia, V. and García Jiménez, M. A. and Gardarsdottir, R. B. and Gavreliuc, A. and Gill, C. M. H. D. and Gjoneska, B. and Glöckner, A. and Graf, S. and Grigoryan, A. and Growiec, K. and Haas, B. W. and Haddock, G. and Hadjisolomou, S. P. and Hadžiahmetović, N. and Ali, M. H. H. M. and Hakoköngäs, E. and Halama, P. and Hapunda, G. and Hartanto, A. and Hazrati, M. and Herbas-Torrico, B. C. and Holka, S. and Hřebíčková, M. and Hunter, J. A. and Ibikounle, M. and Iliško, D. and Jónsdóttir, H. L. H. and Kaminskiene, Z. and Kapoor, H. and Kapović, I. and Karim, G. and Kawakami, K. and Khachatryan, N. and Kirschner, J. B. and Kiruja, J. and Kiyonari, T. and Kohút, M. and Kousar, S. and Krasniqi, B. and Landa-Blanco, M. and Landon, B. and Lep, Ž. and Leslie, L. M. and Li, Y. and Liik, K. and Lin, M.-J. and Lobos Rivera, M. E. and López-López, W. and Maloku, E.  and Mandal, M. and Manhique, B. A. and Mbende, N. M. and Teixeira, M. L. M. and Mohammed, L. L.  and Moore, S. N. and Moraligil, B. and Muradzada, N. and Nanda, H. and Nastina, E. and Nejat, P. and Nettle, D. and Nipassa, O. J. A. and Noe-Grijalva, M. and Ntampaka, P. and Ntone, R. and Nussinson, R. and Oljača, M. and Onyedire, N. G. and Onyishi, I. E. and Panagiotopoulou, P. and Parvez, Md. S. and Pasin, G. L.  and Pedović, I. and Pérez de León, P. and Perez-Floriano, L. R. and Persson, M. and Pop-Jordanova, N. and Portillo, J. R. and Potang, A. and Quesada-Román, A. and Raver, J. L. and Rodrigues, R. B. and Rodríguez-Romero, J. D. and Romanò, S. and Ross, R. M. and Rosun, N. and Sadiković, S. and San Martin, A. and Smederevac, S. and Smith, S. J. and Soboleva, N. and Sonessa, D. E. and Stanley, S. K. and Stoyanova, K. and Stoyanov, D. and Takemura, K. and Thøgersen, J. and Tiliouine, H. and Tung, H. and Ulambayar, T. and Uzdavinyte, E. M. and Waechter, R. and Wu, J. and Yambiyo, B. M. and Yankson, E. and Yeh, K.-H. and Van Lange, P. A. M. ",
	title = "How norms depend on the presence and status of observers: The relational contingency of everyday behaviors in 90 societies",
	journal = "American Sociological Review",
	year = "2026",
	volume = "N/A",
	number = "",
	doi = "10.1177/00031224261464586",
	url = "https://journals.sagepub.com/home/ASR"
}

TY  - JOUR
TI  - How norms depend on the presence and status of observers: The relational contingency of everyday behaviors in 90 societies
T2  - American Sociological Review
VL  - N/A
AU  - Simpson, B.
AU  - Eriksson, K.
AU  - Vartanova, I.
AU  - Strimling, P.
AU  - Merchán Tamayo, J. P.
AU  - Abdi, K. A.
AU  - Ad, N.
AU  - Aldashev, A.
AU  - Ali, H. M.
AU  - Alì, M.
AU  - Aliyev, K.
AU  - Alrefaee, Y.
AU  - Alvarado Ortiz, A. E.
AU  - Andersson, P. A.
AU  - Andrighetto, G.
AU  - Arikan, G.
AU  - Aruta, J. J. B. R.
AU  - Ayikwa, C. L.
AU  - Baños-Chaparro, J.
AU  - Barrera, D.
AU  - Batkeyev, B.
AU  - Batool, A.
AU  - Berezina, E.
AU  - Bimina, S. N.
AU  - Björnstjerna, M.
AU  - Blumen, S.
AU  - Boski, P.
AU  - Boštjančič, E.
AU  - Boum, Y.
AU  - Briguglio, M.
AU  - Bui, H. T. T.
AU  - Caycho-Rodríguez, T.
AU  - Chen, Y.
AU  - Chiweshe, M. K.
AU  - Choi, H.
AU  - Contreras-Ibáñez, C. C.
AU  - Čorkalo, D.
AU  - Cruz-Torres, C. E.
AU  - Czakó, A.
AU  - de Zoysa, P.
AU  - Demetrovics, Z.
AU  - Dinić, B. M.
AU  - Drače, S.
AU  - El-Haddad, R. W.
AU  - Engelmann, J. B.
AU  - Escudero Pérez, I.
AU  - Euh, H.
AU  - Fang, X.
AU  - Frank, C.
AU  - Freidin, E.
AU  - Fülöp, M.
AU  - Gamsakhurdia, V.
AU  - García Jiménez, M. A.
AU  - Gardarsdottir, R. B.
AU  - Gavreliuc, A.
AU  - Gill, C. M. H. D.
AU  - Gjoneska, B.
AU  - Glöckner, A.
AU  - Graf, S.
AU  - Grigoryan, A.
AU  - Growiec, K.
AU  - Haas, B. W.
AU  - Haddock, G.
AU  - Hadjisolomou, S. P.
AU  - Hadžiahmetović, N.
AU  - Ali, M. H. H. M.
AU  - Hakoköngäs, E.
AU  - Halama, P.
AU  - Hapunda, G.
AU  - Hartanto, A.
AU  - Hazrati, M.
AU  - Herbas-Torrico, B. C.
AU  - Holka, S.
AU  - Hřebíčková, M.
AU  - Hunter, J. A.
AU  - Ibikounle, M.
AU  - Iliško, D.
AU  - Jónsdóttir, H. L. H.
AU  - Kaminskiene, Z.
AU  - Kapoor, H.
AU  - Kapović, I.
AU  - Karim, G.
AU  - Kawakami, K.
AU  - Khachatryan, N.
AU  - Kirschner, J. B.
AU  - Kiruja, J.
AU  - Kiyonari, T.
AU  - Kohút, M.
AU  - Kousar, S.
AU  - Krasniqi, B.
AU  - Landa-Blanco, M.
AU  - Landon, B.
AU  - Lep, Ž.
AU  - Leslie, L. M.
AU  - Li, Y.
AU  - Liik, K.
AU  - Lin, M.-J.
AU  - Lobos Rivera, M. E.
AU  - López-López, W.
AU  - Maloku, E. 
AU  - Mandal, M.
AU  - Manhique, B. A.
AU  - Mbende, N. M.
AU  - Teixeira, M. L. M.
AU  - Mohammed, L. L. 
AU  - Moore, S. N.
AU  - Moraligil, B.
AU  - Muradzada, N.
AU  - Nanda, H.
AU  - Nastina, E.
AU  - Nejat, P.
AU  - Nettle, D.
AU  - Nipassa, O. J. A.
AU  - Noe-Grijalva, M.
AU  - Ntampaka, P.
AU  - Ntone, R.
AU  - Nussinson, R.
AU  - Oljača, M.
AU  - Onyedire, N. G.
AU  - Onyishi, I. E.
AU  - Panagiotopoulou, P.
AU  - Parvez, Md. S.
AU  - Pasin, G. L. 
AU  - Pedović, I.
AU  - Pérez de León, P.
AU  - Perez-Floriano, L. R.
AU  - Persson, M.
AU  - Pop-Jordanova, N.
AU  - Portillo, J. R.
AU  - Potang, A.
AU  - Quesada-Román, A.
AU  - Raver, J. L.
AU  - Rodrigues, R. B.
AU  - Rodríguez-Romero, J. D.
AU  - Romanò, S.
AU  - Ross, R. M.
AU  - Rosun, N.
AU  - Sadiković, S.
AU  - San Martin, A.
AU  - Smederevac, S.
AU  - Smith, S. J.
AU  - Soboleva, N.
AU  - Sonessa, D. E.
AU  - Stanley, S. K.
AU  - Stoyanova, K.
AU  - Stoyanov, D.
AU  - Takemura, K.
AU  - Thøgersen, J.
AU  - Tiliouine, H.
AU  - Tung, H.
AU  - Ulambayar, T.
AU  - Uzdavinyte, E. M.
AU  - Waechter, R.
AU  - Wu, J.
AU  - Yambiyo, B. M.
AU  - Yankson, E.
AU  - Yeh, K.-H.
AU  - Van Lange, P. A. M. 
PY  - 2026
SN  - 0003-1224
DO  - 10.1177/00031224261464586
UR  - https://journals.sagepub.com/home/ASR
AB  - Norms are fundamental to social life, but basic questions about how they are affected by social context remain. Specifically, how do normative constraints depend on the presence and status of observers, and how do such relational contingencies vary across cultures? Using data from more than 25,000 individuals across 90 societies, we test several hypotheses linking normative constraints on everyday behaviors (like arguing, laughing, cursing, kissing, and crying), to the presence and status of observers. We find that behaviors widely viewed as appropriate in private become more constrained in the presence of others (an observer effect), and even more so when those others are higher in status (a status effect). Both observer and status effects are culturally universal, but the observer effect shows more variation across cultures. In particular, we find that observer effects are larger in societies that emphasize individualizing moral foundations, that is, avoiding harm and unfairness to others, because these societies are more permissive of actions when others are not around. The relative stability of status effects across cultural contexts suggests a universal tendency to defer in social hierarchies. These findings shed light on the relational contingency of everyday norms and underscore the role of such norms in the maintenance of social order and reproduction of inequality.
ER  -