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Peters, K., Jeftić, A., Ballard, T., Zhou, S., Steffens, N. K., Inceoglu, I....Ziółkowski, A. (2026). Think political leader — think he or she? A multi-country test of a gender-fair language intervention to reduce gendered leadership stereotypes. The Leadership Quarterly, 37(6). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2026.101991

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K. Peters et al.,  "Think political leader — think he or she? A multi-country test of a gender-fair language intervention to reduce gendered leadership stereotypes", in The Leadership Quarterly, vol. 37, no. 6, 2026

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@article{peters2026_1791346763817,
	author = "Peters, K. and Jeftić, A. and Ballard, T. and Zhou, S. and Steffens, N. K. and Inceoglu, I. and Ryan, M. K. and Bongiorno, R. and Eagly, A. and Arriaga, P. and Espinosa, A. and Aczel, B. and Adetula, A. and Aglioti, S. M. and Akca, E. and Direkçi, E. A. and Alizadeh, Z. and Alonso-Arbiol, I. and Amru, M. F. and Andre, J. and António, R. and Arcagök, U. and Arinze, N. C. and Asadollahpour, R. and Asatryan, G. A. and Aydin, M. S. and Aykutoğlu, B. and Azimisefat, P. and Azouaghe, S. and Balım, S. and Baník, G. and Barzykowski, K. and Becker, M. and Benningstad, N. C. G. and Berenguer, J. and Bidzan-Wiącek, M. and Błaszczak, B. and Rodrigues, R. B. and Borinca, I. and Boucher, L. and Boukarras, S. and Boulahya, M. and Bozkuş-Demir, O. and Brandt, M. J. and Brodard, F. and Brohmer, H. and Buchanan, E. M. and Buczny, J. and Bükün, M. F. and Bursell, M. and Buscemi, A. and Butt, M. M. and Caicedo-Moreno, A. and Calluso, C. and Camgöz, S. M. and Candel, O. S. and Castelain, T. and Castro-Abril, P. and Cavdan, M. and Chaleeraktrakoon, T. and Charyate, A. and Chavanovanich, J. and Cherradi, M. and Chi, P. and Chobthamkit, P. and Choudhary, S. and Çınar, Ç. and Claypool, H. M. and Coen, S. and Collins, W. M. and Corral-Frías, N. S. and Couto, C. and Cristea, M. and Cyrus-Lai, W. and Dalla Rosa, A. and Dang, T. V. and Devetag, M. G. and Dinić, B. M. and Dores Cruz, T. D. and Dumbravă, A. and Dykla-Bień, J. and Edge, C. E. and Eftekhari, S. and El Mottaleb, Y. and Elbæk, C. T. and Emery, C. and Epure, S. and Evans, T. R. and Farny, Z. and Fatima, S. and Fauzan, M. M. N. and Fellnhofer, K. and Feraco, T. and Fernández-Canseco, Á. and Ferrand, L. and Ferreira, P. R. dos S. and Filippi, S. and Fluit, S. and Freitag, R. M. K. and Frias-Armenta, M. and Frisanco, A. and Füzér, K. and Garcia-Estrada, L. I. and Garduño-Realivazquez, K. A. and Gasiorowska, A. and Geipel, J. and Gerdel, S. and Giammusso, I. and Giannouli, V. and Giannoulis, K. and Gijzen, F. J. J. and Ginet, M. and Girerd, L. and Gleibs, I. H. and Godbersen, H. and Gogan, T. and Gonçalves, L. H. and Gourdon-Kanhukamwe, A. and Grafe, F. and Greijdanus, H. and Gupta, R. and Guzel, H. and Gygax, P. and Hadjichristidis, C. and Haffou, S. and Hafstad, M. D. and Hagen, M. and Halama, P. and Halfmann, E. and Hanel, P. H. P. and Hansen, E. M. and Hanulíková, A. and Harris, S. M. and Hart, C. M. and Henningsen, L. and Henttonen, P. and Hofer, G. and Hollenbach, C. and Huang, X. and Hudiyana, J. and Ideishi, K. and Ilea, I. and Imada, H. and Ingendahl, M. and Irrazabal, N. C. and Isloi, C. and Ndukaihe, I. L. G. and Jakob, L. and Janeth, K. and Jang, H. and Jantus, C. I. and Juarez, J. R. and Junker, N. M. and Kačmár, P. and Kanisawa, A. and Karababa, A. and Karacoşkun, M. E. and Karadeniz, G. and Massar, K. and Khaoudi, A. and Kim, J. H. and Kim, M. and Kim, S. and Kloeden, A. and Knab, N. and Kohút, M. and Kök, B. and Kowal, M. and Kratochvil, T. and Kulich, C. and Klocová, E. K. and Kütük, B. and Kuzminska, A. O. and La, D. A. and Lam, K. K. L. and Lamm, C. and León-Pérez, J. M. and Léopold, B. B. and Lewis, S. C. and Linares, C. and Lisica, D. and Liu, Z. and Lizzio-Wilson, M. and López-López, W. and Louis, W. R. and Lu, J. G. and Mesmer-Magnus, J. and Mahmoodi-Bakhtiari, B. and Malapally, A. and Malinakova, K. and Malingumu, W. S. and Mamatoğlu, N. and Manh, N. D. and Manríquez-Robles, D. and Manunta, E. and Mariano, J. and Marie C. and Marozzi, C. and Marszałek, M. A. and Martinez-Moreno, E. and Martinot, D. and Martončik, M. and Maruo, Y. and Đonlić, K. M. and McCue-Quinn, B. and Mehdinejad, A. and Comert, E. M. and Meier, Z. and Meijer, E. H. and Meimoun, E. and Melkumyan, Y. G. and Mellul, J. and Metin-Orta, I. and Mikalonis, L. and Mirisola, A. and Mišetić, K. and Misiak, M. and Montefinese, M. and Moore, N. and Moradi, M. and Moreno-Bella, E. and Mouhssine, L. and Mundorf, A. and Nadif, H. and Navajas, J. and Navarrete, E. and Neely, B. H. and Nguyen, T. H. T. and Nguyen, T. L. and Balint, E.-G. and Ninković, M. and Thürmer, J. L. and Novak, L. and Nübold, A. and Nugier, A. and Nyhus, E. K. and Nyul, B. and O'Shea, B. A. and Obenauer, W. G. and Ogbonnaya, C. E. and Ojedokun, O. and Pedersen, J. Ø. R. and Otken, B. and Otterbring, T. and Ouoba, N. M. and Özdemir, F. and Özdoğru, A. A. and Özkılıçcı, G. and Paruzel-Czachura, M. and Pedersen, F. L. and Pedović, I. and Pejičić, M. and Peker, M. and Pelica, S. and Petchthip, N. and Petterson, A. and Pfattheicher, S. and Piterová, I. and Pronizius, E. and Prundeanu, O. and Pypno-Blajda, K. and Quiamzade, A. and Rebel, J. K. and Redersdorff, S. and Redlingshöfer, S. and Retowski, S. and Reyes, A. F. and Reyes-Aguilar, A. and Ribeiro, G. and Řičařová, G. and Robert, C. and Roberts, S. C. and Roczniewska, M. A. and Röer, J. P. and Rohmann, A. and Rosenberger, E. J. and Ross, R. M. and Roth, L. H. O. and Ruiz-Fernandez, S. and Russell, S. M. and Sabbar, S. and Sahli, F. Z. and Sanden, G. R. and Abbate, C. S. and Schäfer, S. J. and Schmidt, K. and Schnepf, J. and Schorch, S. L. and Schwartz-Salazar, S. and Scigala, K. A. and Seljeseth, I. M. and Şen-Gümüştaş, E. C. and Sepehri, A. and Serobyan, A. and Shalvi, S. and Siegler, A. and Silberg, M. and Silberg, S. and Sinanović, E. and Liljaharju, S. and Skewes, L. and Smith, A. R. and Solak, Ç. and Sonmez, F. and Sorokowska, A. and Sorokowski, P. and Šrol, J. and Stanke, F. A. and Stenling, A. and Stephen, I. D. and Stern, J. and Storage, D. and Studzińska, A. M. and Suh, J. and Suitner, C. and Szaszi, B. and Szmidka, A. J. and Szumowska, E. and Szwinge, O. B. and Tafvelin, S. and Takizawa, R. and Tasa, H. and Tasios, T. and Tavel, P. and Tejada, J. and Temel, A. and Tevichapong, P. and Tham, Y. J. and Todosijević, M. and Tome, N. L. and Tonini, F. and Tønnesen, M. H. and Torres, S. C. and Tragantzopoulou, P. and Trémolière, B. and Tuominen, J. and Ullenboom, J. and Uluğ, Ö. M. and Ursu, A. and van ’t Veer, A. E. and Vaidis, D. C. and van Gils, S. and Vaughn, L. A. and Vercillo, M. and Vianello, M. and Villarreal Gonzalez, M. E. and Vincze, O. and Miranda, V. dos S. and Vogel, S. and Vojtisek, T. and von Thiele Schwarz, U. and Vranka, M. and Vu, B.-P. and Walczak, R. B. and Wendt, G. W. and Wibowo, R. S. and Williams, J. S. and Wojciechowska, M. and Wood, P. N. and Wu, D. J. and Wu, Q. and Wuolio, M. P. and Xia, Z. and Yang, T. and Yang, C. and Yang, J. J. and Ye, J. and Yousefi-Gerakouhi, N. and Yüce-Selvi, Ü. and Yustisia, W. and Zaharia, D. V. and Zayets, I. and Zdun-Ryżewska, A. and Zdybek, P. and Zhao, X. and Zheng, W. and Zickfeld, J. H. and Zidkova, R. and Ziółkowski, A.",
	title = "Think political leader — think he or she? A multi-country test of a gender-fair language intervention to reduce gendered leadership stereotypes",
	journal = "The Leadership Quarterly",
	year = "2026",
	volume = "37",
	number = "6",
	doi = "10.1016/j.leaqua.2026.101991",
	url = "https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/the-leadership-quarterly/vol/37/issue/6"
}

Exportar RIS

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Think political leader — think he or she? A multi-country test of a gender-fair language intervention to reduce gendered leadership stereotypes
T2  - The Leadership Quarterly
VL  - 37
IS  - 6
AU  - Peters, K.
AU  - Jeftić, A.
AU  - Ballard, T.
AU  - Zhou, S.
AU  - Steffens, N. K.
AU  - Inceoglu, I.
AU  - Ryan, M. K.
AU  - Bongiorno, R.
AU  - Eagly, A.
AU  - Arriaga, P.
AU  - Espinosa, A.
AU  - Aczel, B.
AU  - Adetula, A.
AU  - Aglioti, S. M.
AU  - Akca, E.
AU  - Direkçi, E. A.
AU  - Alizadeh, Z.
AU  - Alonso-Arbiol, I.
AU  - Amru, M. F.
AU  - Andre, J.
AU  - António, R.
AU  - Arcagök, U.
AU  - Arinze, N. C.
AU  - Asadollahpour, R.
AU  - Asatryan, G. A.
AU  - Aydin, M. S.
AU  - Aykutoğlu, B.
AU  - Azimisefat, P.
AU  - Azouaghe, S.
AU  - Balım, S.
AU  - Baník, G.
AU  - Barzykowski, K.
AU  - Becker, M.
AU  - Benningstad, N. C. G.
AU  - Berenguer, J.
AU  - Bidzan-Wiącek, M.
AU  - Błaszczak, B.
AU  - Rodrigues, R. B.
AU  - Borinca, I.
AU  - Boucher, L.
AU  - Boukarras, S.
AU  - Boulahya, M.
AU  - Bozkuş-Demir, O.
AU  - Brandt, M. J.
AU  - Brodard, F.
AU  - Brohmer, H.
AU  - Buchanan, E. M.
AU  - Buczny, J.
AU  - Bükün, M. F.
AU  - Bursell, M.
AU  - Buscemi, A.
AU  - Butt, M. M.
AU  - Caicedo-Moreno, A.
AU  - Calluso, C.
AU  - Camgöz, S. M.
AU  - Candel, O. S.
AU  - Castelain, T.
AU  - Castro-Abril, P.
AU  - Cavdan, M.
AU  - Chaleeraktrakoon, T.
AU  - Charyate, A.
AU  - Chavanovanich, J.
AU  - Cherradi, M.
AU  - Chi, P.
AU  - Chobthamkit, P.
AU  - Choudhary, S.
AU  - Çınar, Ç.
AU  - Claypool, H. M.
AU  - Coen, S.
AU  - Collins, W. M.
AU  - Corral-Frías, N. S.
AU  - Couto, C.
AU  - Cristea, M.
AU  - Cyrus-Lai, W.
AU  - Dalla Rosa, A.
AU  - Dang, T. V.
AU  - Devetag, M. G.
AU  - Dinić, B. M.
AU  - Dores Cruz, T. D.
AU  - Dumbravă, A.
AU  - Dykla-Bień, J.
AU  - Edge, C. E.
AU  - Eftekhari, S.
AU  - El Mottaleb, Y.
AU  - Elbæk, C. T.
AU  - Emery, C.
AU  - Epure, S.
AU  - Evans, T. R.
AU  - Farny, Z.
AU  - Fatima, S.
AU  - Fauzan, M. M. N.
AU  - Fellnhofer, K.
AU  - Feraco, T.
AU  - Fernández-Canseco, Á.
AU  - Ferrand, L.
AU  - Ferreira, P. R. dos S.
AU  - Filippi, S.
AU  - Fluit, S.
AU  - Freitag, R. M. K.
AU  - Frias-Armenta, M.
AU  - Frisanco, A.
AU  - Füzér, K.
AU  - Garcia-Estrada, L. I.
AU  - Garduño-Realivazquez, K. A.
AU  - Gasiorowska, A.
AU  - Geipel, J.
AU  - Gerdel, S.
AU  - Giammusso, I.
AU  - Giannouli, V.
AU  - Giannoulis, K.
AU  - Gijzen, F. J. J.
AU  - Ginet, M.
AU  - Girerd, L.
AU  - Gleibs, I. H.
AU  - Godbersen, H.
AU  - Gogan, T.
AU  - Gonçalves, L. H.
AU  - Gourdon-Kanhukamwe, A.
AU  - Grafe, F.
AU  - Greijdanus, H.
AU  - Gupta, R.
AU  - Guzel, H.
AU  - Gygax, P.
AU  - Hadjichristidis, C.
AU  - Haffou, S.
AU  - Hafstad, M. D.
AU  - Hagen, M.
AU  - Halama, P.
AU  - Halfmann, E.
AU  - Hanel, P. H. P.
AU  - Hansen, E. M.
AU  - Hanulíková, A.
AU  - Harris, S. M.
AU  - Hart, C. M.
AU  - Henningsen, L.
AU  - Henttonen, P.
AU  - Hofer, G.
AU  - Hollenbach, C.
AU  - Huang, X.
AU  - Hudiyana, J.
AU  - Ideishi, K.
AU  - Ilea, I.
AU  - Imada, H.
AU  - Ingendahl, M.
AU  - Irrazabal, N. C.
AU  - Isloi, C.
AU  - Ndukaihe, I. L. G.
AU  - Jakob, L.
AU  - Janeth, K.
AU  - Jang, H.
AU  - Jantus, C. I.
AU  - Juarez, J. R.
AU  - Junker, N. M.
AU  - Kačmár, P.
AU  - Kanisawa, A.
AU  - Karababa, A.
AU  - Karacoşkun, M. E.
AU  - Karadeniz, G.
AU  - Massar, K.
AU  - Khaoudi, A.
AU  - Kim, J. H.
AU  - Kim, M.
AU  - Kim, S.
AU  - Kloeden, A.
AU  - Knab, N.
AU  - Kohút, M.
AU  - Kök, B.
AU  - Kowal, M.
AU  - Kratochvil, T.
AU  - Kulich, C.
AU  - Klocová, E. K.
AU  - Kütük, B.
AU  - Kuzminska, A. O.
AU  - La, D. A.
AU  - Lam, K. K. L.
AU  - Lamm, C.
AU  - León-Pérez, J. M.
AU  - Léopold, B. B.
AU  - Lewis, S. C.
AU  - Linares, C.
AU  - Lisica, D.
AU  - Liu, Z.
AU  - Lizzio-Wilson, M.
AU  - López-López, W.
AU  - Louis, W. R.
AU  - Lu, J. G.
AU  - Mesmer-Magnus, J.
AU  - Mahmoodi-Bakhtiari, B.
AU  - Malapally, A.
AU  - Malinakova, K.
AU  - Malingumu, W. S.
AU  - Mamatoğlu, N.
AU  - Manh, N. D.
AU  - Manríquez-Robles, D.
AU  - Manunta, E.
AU  - Mariano, J.
AU  - Marie C.
AU  - Marozzi, C.
AU  - Marszałek, M. A.
AU  - Martinez-Moreno, E.
AU  - Martinot, D.
AU  - Martončik, M.
AU  - Maruo, Y.
AU  - Đonlić, K. M.
AU  - McCue-Quinn, B.
AU  - Mehdinejad, A.
AU  - Comert, E. M.
AU  - Meier, Z.
AU  - Meijer, E. H.
AU  - Meimoun, E.
AU  - Melkumyan, Y. G.
AU  - Mellul, J.
AU  - Metin-Orta, I.
AU  - Mikalonis, L.
AU  - Mirisola, A.
AU  - Mišetić, K.
AU  - Misiak, M.
AU  - Montefinese, M.
AU  - Moore, N.
AU  - Moradi, M.
AU  - Moreno-Bella, E.
AU  - Mouhssine, L.
AU  - Mundorf, A.
AU  - Nadif, H.
AU  - Navajas, J.
AU  - Navarrete, E.
AU  - Neely, B. H.
AU  - Nguyen, T. H. T.
AU  - Nguyen, T. L.
AU  - Balint, E.-G.
AU  - Ninković, M.
AU  - Thürmer, J. L.
AU  - Novak, L.
AU  - Nübold, A.
AU  - Nugier, A.
AU  - Nyhus, E. K.
AU  - Nyul, B.
AU  - O'Shea, B. A.
AU  - Obenauer, W. G.
AU  - Ogbonnaya, C. E.
AU  - Ojedokun, O.
AU  - Pedersen, J. Ø. R.
AU  - Otken, B.
AU  - Otterbring, T.
AU  - Ouoba, N. M.
AU  - Özdemir, F.
AU  - Özdoğru, A. A.
AU  - Özkılıçcı, G.
AU  - Paruzel-Czachura, M.
AU  - Pedersen, F. L.
AU  - Pedović, I.
AU  - Pejičić, M.
AU  - Peker, M.
AU  - Pelica, S.
AU  - Petchthip, N.
AU  - Petterson, A.
AU  - Pfattheicher, S.
AU  - Piterová, I.
AU  - Pronizius, E.
AU  - Prundeanu, O.
AU  - Pypno-Blajda, K.
AU  - Quiamzade, A.
AU  - Rebel, J. K.
AU  - Redersdorff, S.
AU  - Redlingshöfer, S.
AU  - Retowski, S.
AU  - Reyes, A. F.
AU  - Reyes-Aguilar, A.
AU  - Ribeiro, G.
AU  - Řičařová, G.
AU  - Robert, C.
AU  - Roberts, S. C.
AU  - Roczniewska, M. A.
AU  - Röer, J. P.
AU  - Rohmann, A.
AU  - Rosenberger, E. J.
AU  - Ross, R. M.
AU  - Roth, L. H. O.
AU  - Ruiz-Fernandez, S.
AU  - Russell, S. M.
AU  - Sabbar, S.
AU  - Sahli, F. Z.
AU  - Sanden, G. R.
AU  - Abbate, C. S.
AU  - Schäfer, S. J.
AU  - Schmidt, K.
AU  - Schnepf, J.
AU  - Schorch, S. L.
AU  - Schwartz-Salazar, S.
AU  - Scigala, K. A.
AU  - Seljeseth, I. M.
AU  - Şen-Gümüştaş, E. C.
AU  - Sepehri, A.
AU  - Serobyan, A.
AU  - Shalvi, S.
AU  - Siegler, A.
AU  - Silberg, M.
AU  - Silberg, S.
AU  - Sinanović, E.
AU  - Liljaharju, S.
AU  - Skewes, L.
AU  - Smith, A. R.
AU  - Solak, Ç.
AU  - Sonmez, F.
AU  - Sorokowska, A.
AU  - Sorokowski, P.
AU  - Šrol, J.
AU  - Stanke, F. A.
AU  - Stenling, A.
AU  - Stephen, I. D.
AU  - Stern, J.
AU  - Storage, D.
AU  - Studzińska, A. M.
AU  - Suh, J.
AU  - Suitner, C.
AU  - Szaszi, B.
AU  - Szmidka, A. J.
AU  - Szumowska, E.
AU  - Szwinge, O. B.
AU  - Tafvelin, S.
AU  - Takizawa, R.
AU  - Tasa, H.
AU  - Tasios, T.
AU  - Tavel, P.
AU  - Tejada, J.
AU  - Temel, A.
AU  - Tevichapong, P.
AU  - Tham, Y. J.
AU  - Todosijević, M.
AU  - Tome, N. L.
AU  - Tonini, F.
AU  - Tønnesen, M. H.
AU  - Torres, S. C.
AU  - Tragantzopoulou, P.
AU  - Trémolière, B.
AU  - Tuominen, J.
AU  - Ullenboom, J.
AU  - Uluğ, Ö. M.
AU  - Ursu, A.
AU  - van ’t Veer, A. E.
AU  - Vaidis, D. C.
AU  - van Gils, S.
AU  - Vaughn, L. A.
AU  - Vercillo, M.
AU  - Vianello, M.
AU  - Villarreal Gonzalez, M. E.
AU  - Vincze, O.
AU  - Miranda, V. dos S.
AU  - Vogel, S.
AU  - Vojtisek, T.
AU  - von Thiele Schwarz, U.
AU  - Vranka, M.
AU  - Vu, B.-P.
AU  - Walczak, R. B.
AU  - Wendt, G. W.
AU  - Wibowo, R. S.
AU  - Williams, J. S.
AU  - Wojciechowska, M.
AU  - Wood, P. N.
AU  - Wu, D. J.
AU  - Wu, Q.
AU  - Wuolio, M. P.
AU  - Xia, Z.
AU  - Yang, T.
AU  - Yang, C.
AU  - Yang, J. J.
AU  - Ye, J.
AU  - Yousefi-Gerakouhi, N.
AU  - Yüce-Selvi, Ü.
AU  - Yustisia, W.
AU  - Zaharia, D. V.
AU  - Zayets, I.
AU  - Zdun-Ryżewska, A.
AU  - Zdybek, P.
AU  - Zhao, X.
AU  - Zheng, W.
AU  - Zickfeld, J. H.
AU  - Zidkova, R.
AU  - Ziółkowski, A.
PY  - 2026
SN  - 1048-9843
DO  - 10.1016/j.leaqua.2026.101991
UR  - https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/the-leadership-quarterly/vol/37/issue/6
AB  - Women are greatly underrepresented in positions of political leadership around the world. In seeking to explain this underrepresentation, some researchers have pointed to people's tendencies to stereotype leaders as more similar to men than women as these tendencies can support the belief that women are unsuited to leadership. This project aimed to test whether a subtle linguistic intervention was able to ameliorate this gender bias in political leadership stereotypes across different languages and national contexts (country/region N = 42, language N = 30, sample N = 22,996). Specifically, this project examined whether gender-fair language (e.g., the use of paired pronouns ‘he or she’) can reduce the tendency for people to stereotype political leaders as more similar to men than women. To increase the rigor with which these stereotypes were measured, this project complemented the dominant ‘cheap talk’ measure of personal stereotype content with an incentivised community measure of this content. As expected, participants stereotyped political leaders as more similar to men than women; this pattern was stronger on the incentivised measure of community stereotypes. Unexpectedly, there was no evidence that paired pronouns reduced this bias (there was weak exploratory evidence that paired nouns increased participants' tendencies to stereotype political leaders as more similar to women). This project suggests that the ability of gender-fair language interventions to ameliorate gender bias in the political leadership domain may be limited.
ER  -