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A publicação pode ser exportada nos seguintes formatos: referência da APA (American Psychological Association), referência do IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), BibTeX e RIS.

Exportar Referência (APA) 
Espírito-Santo, Ana, Santos & Batista, F. (2026). Unveiling Online Violence Against Women in Politics: EU Political Candidates. ECPR General Conference 2026,.
Exportar Referência (IEEE) 
A. C. Santo et al.,  "Unveiling Online Violence Against Women in Politics: EU Political Candidates", in ECPR General Conf. 2026, Varsóvia, 2026
Exportar BibTeX 
@misc{santo2026_1791898540174,
	author = "Espírito-Santo, Ana and Santos and Batista, F.",
	title = "Unveiling Online Violence Against Women in Politics: EU Political Candidates",
	year = "2026",
	howpublished = "Digital"
}
Exportar RIS 
TY  - CPAPER
TI  - Unveiling Online Violence Against Women in Politics: EU Political Candidates
T2  - ECPR General Conference 2026
AU  - Espírito-Santo, Ana
AU  - Santos
AU  - Batista, F.
PY  - 2026
CY  - Varsóvia
AB  - Violence against women in politics is a pervasive phenomenon. While both women and men in politics may face violence, that directed at women takes on distinct, gendered forms. Female candidates and officeholders are often subjected to attacks that aim to shame, silence, and ultimately exclude them from the political arena.
This paper examines online violence against women in politics, focusing on the X platform (formerly Twitter). We analyze tweets posted by ordinary citizens and directed at female and male candidates for Prime Minister or Head of State across twelve EU countries. The study addresses three research questions: What characterizes the online violence experienced by candidates of different genders? How frequently do female candidates face gender-based attacks? And what individual and political factors are associated with variation in this phenomenon?
Drawing on an original dataset of 287,252 tweets directed at 46 candidates (17 women and 29 men), the paper contributes to comparative research on gendered political violence by identifying patterns and contextual factors shaping this troubling dynamic across Europe.

ER  -