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A publicação pode ser exportada nos seguintes formatos: referência da APA (American Psychological Association), referência do IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), BibTeX e RIS.

Exportar Referência (APA) 
Espírito-Santo, A. & Verge, T. (2017). The elusive measurement of symbolic effects on citizens’ political attitudes: survey experiments as alternative avenues. Politics, Groups, and Identities. 5 (3), 494-499
Exportar Referência (IEEE) 
A. C. Santo and T. Verge,  "The elusive measurement of symbolic effects on citizens’ political attitudes: survey experiments as alternative avenues", in Politics, Groups, and Identities, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 494-499, 2017
Exportar BibTeX 
@article{santo2017_1713287390846,
	author = "Espírito-Santo, A. and Verge, T.",
	title = "The elusive measurement of symbolic effects on citizens’ political attitudes: survey experiments as alternative avenues",
	journal = "Politics, Groups, and Identities",
	year = "2017",
	volume = "5",
	number = "3",
	doi = "10.1080/21565503.2017.1331856",
	pages = "494-499",
	url = "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21565503.2017.1331856"
}
Exportar RIS 
TY  - JOUR
TI  - The elusive measurement of symbolic effects on citizens’ political attitudes: survey experiments as alternative avenues
T2  - Politics, Groups, and Identities
VL  - 5
IS  - 3
AU  - Espírito-Santo, A.
AU  - Verge, T.
PY  - 2017
SP  - 494-499
SN  - 2156-5503
DO  - 10.1080/21565503.2017.1331856
UR  - http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21565503.2017.1331856
AB  - In examining what the presence of female politicians symbolize to citizens, especially to women, scholars have sought to empirically prove whether it enhances the legitimacy of, closeness to, and satisfaction with political institutions, as well as levels of political efficacy and participation. By taking stock of the burgeoning quantitative research examining the symbolic effects of women’s descriptive representation on citizens’ political attitudes and behavior, we will discuss the main empirical and methodological challenges that may have led scholars to reach at best mixed results, to identify merely modest effects or to not find any trace of them. These challenges include difficulties in properly establishing the causal effects and in operationalizing the dependent variable as well as a dearth of adequate data. Our contribution discusses the advantages provided by new methodological avenues, such as survey experiments vis-à-vis standard public opinion surveys, to circumvent the shortcomings identified.
ER  -