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Moreira, H. S., Costa, A. S. , Machado, Á, Castro, S. L. , Lima, C. F. & Vicente, S. G. (2019). Distinguishing mild cognitive impairment from healthy aging and alzheimer’s disease: the contribution of the INECO Frontal Screening (IFS). PLoS One. 14 (9)

H. S. Moreira et al.,  "Distinguishing mild cognitive impairment from healthy aging and alzheimer’s disease: the contribution of the INECO Frontal Screening (IFS)", in PLoS One, vol. 14, no. 9, 2019

@article{moreira2019_1714966130118,
	author = "Moreira, H. S. and Costa, A. S.  and Machado, Á and Castro, S. L.  and Lima, C. F. and Vicente, S. G.",
	title = "Distinguishing mild cognitive impairment from healthy aging and alzheimer’s disease: the contribution of the INECO Frontal Screening (IFS)",
	journal = "PLoS One",
	year = "2019",
	volume = "14",
	number = "9",
	doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0221873",
	url = "https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0221873"
}

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Distinguishing mild cognitive impairment from healthy aging and alzheimer’s disease: the contribution of the INECO Frontal Screening (IFS)
T2  - PLoS One
VL  - 14
IS  - 9
AU  - Moreira, H. S.
AU  - Costa, A. S. 
AU  - Machado, Á
AU  - Castro, S. L. 
AU  - Lima, C. F.
AU  - Vicente, S. G.
PY  - 2019
SN  - 1932-6203
DO  - 10.1371/journal.pone.0221873
UR  - https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0221873
AB  - Executive functions are affected differently in healthy aging, Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's Disease (AD), and evaluating them is important for differential diagnosis. The INECO Frontal Screening (IFS) is a brief neuropsychological screening tool, developed to assess executive dysfunction in neurodegenerative disorders. Goals: We aimed to examine whether and how MCI patients can be differentiated from cognitively healthy controls (HC) and mild to moderate AD patients based on IFS performance. We also explored how IFS scores are associated with age, years of education, and depressive/ anxious symptoms (as assessed by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale). Method: IFS total scores were compared between 26 HC, 32 MCI and 21 mild to moderate AD patients. The three groups were matched for age and education. The Area Under the Curve (AUC) was analyzed and optimal cut-offs were determined. Results: Healthy participants had higher IFS scores than both clinical groups, and MCI patients had higher scores than AD patients. IFS showed high diagnostic accuracy for the detection of MCI (AUC = .89, p < .001) and AD (AUC = .99, p < .001), and for the differentiation between the clinical groups (AUC = .76, p < .001). We provide optimal cut-offs for the identification of MCI and AD and for their differentiation. We also found that, in general, higher education predicted higher IFS scores (no associations with age and depressive/anxious symptoms were observed). Altogether, these findings indicate that evaluating executive functions with the IFS can be valuable for the identification of MCI, a high-risk group for dementia, and for differentiating this condition from healthy aging and AD. 
ER  -