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B Gomes, CSousa, Novo, M.T., Freitas, F.B., Alves, R., Côrte-Real, A.R....JPinto (2009). Asymmetric introgression between sympatric molestus and pipiens forms of Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Comporta region, Portugal. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 9

B. Gomes et al.,  "Asymmetric introgression between sympatric molestus and pipiens forms of Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Comporta region, Portugal", in BMC Evolutionary Biology, vol. 9, 2009

@article{gomes2009_1713613889257,
	author = "B Gomes and CSousa and Novo, M.T. and Freitas, F.B. and Alves, R. and Côrte-Real, A.R. and salgueiro, P. and Donnelly, M.J. and Almeida, A.P. and JPinto",
	title = "Asymmetric introgression between sympatric molestus and pipiens forms of Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Comporta region, Portugal",
	journal = "BMC Evolutionary Biology",
	year = "2009",
	volume = "9",
	number = "",
	doi = "10.1186/1471-2148-9-262",
	url = "https://bmcecolevol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2148-9-262"
}

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Asymmetric introgression between sympatric molestus and pipiens forms of Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Comporta region, Portugal
T2  - BMC Evolutionary Biology
VL  - 9
AU  - B Gomes
AU  - CSousa
AU  - Novo, M.T.
AU  - Freitas, F.B.
AU  - Alves, R.
AU  - Côrte-Real, A.R.
AU  - salgueiro, P.
AU  - Donnelly, M.J.
AU  - Almeida, A.P.
AU  - JPinto
PY  - 2009
SN  - 1471-2148
DO  - 10.1186/1471-2148-9-262
UR  - https://bmcecolevol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2148-9-262
AB  - Background
Culex pipiens L. is the most widespread mosquito vector in temperate regions. This species consists of two forms, denoted molestus and pipiens, that exhibit important behavioural and physiological differences. The evolutionary relationships and taxonomic status of these forms remain unclear. In northern European latitudes molestus and pipiens populations occupy different habitats (underground vs. aboveground), a separation that most likely promotes genetic isolation between forms. However, the same does not hold in southern Europe where both forms occur aboveground in sympatry. In these southern habitats, the extent of hybridisation and its impact on the extent of genetic divergence between forms under sympatric conditions has not been clarified. For this purpose, we have used phenotypic and genetic data to characterise Cx. pipiens collected aboveground in Portugal. Our aims were to determine levels of genetic differentiation and the degree of hybridisation between forms occurring in sympatry, and to relate these with both evolutionary and epidemiological tenets of this biological group.

Results
Autogeny and stenogamy was evaluated in the F1 progeny of 145 individual Cx. pipiens females. Bayesian clustering analysis based on the genotypes of 13 microsatellites revealed two distinct genetic clusters that were highly correlated with the alternative traits that define pipiens and molestus. Admixture analysis yielded hybrid rate estimates of 8-10%. Higher proportions of admixture were observed in pipiens individuals suggesting that more molestus genes are being introgressed into the pipiens form than the opposite.

Conclusion
Both physiological/behavioural and genetic data provide evidence for the sympatric occurrence of molestus and pipiens forms of Cx. pipiens in the study area. In spite of the significant genetic differentiation between forms, hybridisation occurs at considerable levels. The observed pattern of asymmetric introgression probably relates to the different mating strategies adopted by each form. Furthermore, the differential introgression of molestus genes into the pipiens form may induce a more opportunistic biting behaviour in the latter thus potentiating its capacity to act as a bridge-vector for the transmission of arboviral infections.
ER  -