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Oliveira, Bruno M. (2021). Factors that Lead to the Emergence of Local Social Policies. Drivers and Challenges of Social Policies: Global, Regional, National and Local Perspectives.

B. M. Oliveira,  "Factors that Lead to the Emergence of Local Social Policies", in Drivers and Challenges of Social Policies: Global, Regional, Nat. and Local Perspectives, Fribourg, 2021

@misc{oliveira2021_1715168579468,
	author = "Oliveira, Bruno M.",
	title = "Factors that Lead to the Emergence of Local Social Policies",
	year = "2021",
	howpublished = "Digital"
}

TY  - CPAPER
TI  - Factors that Lead to the Emergence of Local Social Policies
T2  - Drivers and Challenges of Social Policies: Global, Regional, National and Local Perspectives
AU  - Oliveira, Bruno M.
PY  - 2021
CY  - Fribourg
AB  - In 2017, both Barcelona, Utrecht/Nijmegen/Wageningen and Ontario implemented an
unconditional policy with some links to the idea of Universal Basic Income (Van Parijs and
Vanderborght, 2017). It is not an UBI policy (as a libertarian resource), rather a social policy (to
fight poverty and social exclusion) like minimum income schemes, but unconditional in
activation towards the labour market. The aim of this research is to show the factors that led to
the emergence of this innovative unconditional minimum income policy and how these factors
explain the variation of intensity in these three cases.
The Netherlands, Spain and Canada do not have the same redistribution of competences
at the local level. In the Netherlands, their municipalities have more leeway to define new social
assistance policies - duration in time and variation of intensity - but subject to approval by the
central government. The Barcelona municipality has little room for manoeuvre in defining new
social assistance policies. They can only define social benefits of an urgent, basic, and specific
nature. Why did Barcelona, despite having no enabling competences, go further than Utrecht in
varying the intensity of the policy? Institutional conditions alone prove to be a limited source in
explaining the outcome. It is therefore necessary to analyse other explanatory factors, such as
policy actors - the role of political entrepreneurs and epistemic communities - and their
relationship with institutional conditions. The argument we present focuses on two factors, the
role of actors and institutions linked to the policy and the negotiation with higher-level
governance units. We aim to explore the interaction between agency (actors) and structure
(institutions). Through a process-tracing process based on analysis of institutional documents
and press documents and semi-structured interviews with key actors we will present a crosscase
comparison between the three municipalities/regions.
ER  -