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Fernandes, T. & Araújo, C. (2024). Protest, Social Movements and Democracy in Twenty-First Century Portugal. In After the Carnation Revolution: Social movements in Portugal since 25 April.: Sussex University Press (series: The Portuguese-Speaking World).

T. L. Fernandes and C. Araújo,  "Protest, Social Movements and Democracy in Twenty-First Century Portugal", in After the Carnation Revolution: Social movements in Portugal since 25 April, Sussex University Press (series: The Portuguese-Speaking World), 2024

@incollection{fernandes2024_1732190910413,
	author = "Fernandes, T. and Araújo, C.",
	title = "Protest, Social Movements and Democracy in Twenty-First Century Portugal",
	chapter = "",
	booktitle = "After the Carnation Revolution: Social movements in Portugal since 25 April",
	year = "2024",
	volume = "",
	series = "",
	edition = "",
	publisher = "Sussex University Press (series: The Portuguese-Speaking World)",
	address = ""
}

TY  - CHAP
TI  - Protest, Social Movements and Democracy in Twenty-First Century Portugal
T2  - After the Carnation Revolution: Social movements in Portugal since 25 April
AU  - Fernandes, T.
AU  - Araújo, C.
PY  - 2024
AB  - Since the global protest wave of the 1960s-1970s, the sphere of collective action
became a common subsystem of modern democratic regimes, alongside conventional
representative institutions, such as elections, parliaments or bodies of state-interest group
consultation (e.g., pluralist or corporatist) (Dolenec, 2017; Dolenec at al. 2020; Ekiert and
Kubik, 2001; Schmitter, 1981; Schmitter 1999). Democratic regimes have since come to
accept practices such as demonstrations and strikes as legitimate and even desirable, and,
although at varying levels, even to tolerate disruptive protest repertoires such as
occupations. Furthermore, it has been recognized by both scholars and political actors
that participation in street politics through protest is often aligned with conventional
political participation, such as voting. Not only do participants in popular mobilisation
tend to vote more frequently, but elections also function as an opportunity for social
movements to draw attention to their claims. Both arenas have become mutually
reinforcing, thus contributing to increasing citizens' civic competences and the legitimacy
of democratic regimes (Tarrow, 2011; della Porta, 2013, pp. 57-59). 
ER  -