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Fernandes, T. & Araújo, C. (2025). Protest cycles and democracy in Portugal, 2000–2019. In Daniela F. Melo, Paul Christopher Manuel (Ed.), After the carnations: Social movements in Portugal since the 25 April 1974 revolution.: Liverpool University Press.

T. L. Fernandes and C. Araújo,  "Protest cycles and democracy in Portugal, 2000–2019", in After the carnations: Social movements in Portugal since the 25 April 1974 revolution, Daniela F. Melo, Paul Christopher Manuel, Ed., Liverpool University Press, 2025

@incollection{fernandes2025_1765830198019,
	author = "Fernandes, T. and Araújo, C.",
	title = "Protest cycles and democracy in Portugal, 2000–2019",
	chapter = "",
	booktitle = "After the carnations: Social movements in Portugal since the 25 April 1974 revolution",
	year = "2025",
	volume = "",
	series = "The Portuguese-speaking world: its history, politics and culture",
	edition = "",
	publisher = "Liverpool University Press",
	address = "",
	url = "https://www.liverpooluniversitypress.co.uk/doi/book/10.3828/9781836245315"
}

TY  - CHAP
TI  - Protest cycles and democracy in Portugal, 2000–2019
T2  - After the carnations: Social movements in Portugal since the 25 April 1974 revolution
AU  - Fernandes, T.
AU  - Araújo, C.
PY  - 2025
UR  - https://www.liverpooluniversitypress.co.uk/doi/book/10.3828/9781836245315
AB  - Since the global protest wave of the 1960s-1970s, the sphere of collective action
became a common subsystem of modern democratic regimes, alongside conventional
representative institutions, such as elections, parliaments or bodies of state-interest group
consultation (e.g., pluralist or corporatist) (Dolenec, 2017; Dolenec at al. 2020; Ekiert and
Kubik, 2001; Schmitter, 1981; Schmitter 1999). Democratic regimes have since come to
accept practices such as demonstrations and strikes as legitimate and even desirable, and,
although at varying levels, even to tolerate disruptive protest repertoires such as
occupations. Furthermore, it has been recognized by both scholars and political actors
that participation in street politics through protest is often aligned with conventional
political participation, such as voting. Not only do participants in popular mobilisation
tend to vote more frequently, but elections also function as an opportunity for social
movements to draw attention to their claims. Both arenas have become mutually
reinforcing, thus contributing to increasing citizens' civic competences and the legitimacy
of democratic regimes (Tarrow, 2011; della Porta, 2013, pp. 57-59). 
ER  -