We present ab initio global general-relativistic Particle-in-cell (GR-PIC) simulations of compact millisecond neutron star magnetospheres in the axisymmetric aligned rotator configuration. We investigate the role of GR and plasma supply on the polar cap particle acceleration efficiency – the precursor of coherent radio emission – employing a new module for the PIC code OSIRIS, designed to model plasma dynamics around compact objects with fully self-consistent GR effects. We provide a detailed description of the main sub- algorithms of the novel PIC algorithm, including a charge-conserving current deposit scheme for curvilinear coordinates. We demonstrate efficient particle acceleration in the polar caps of compact neutron stars with denser magnetospheres, numerically validating the spacelike current extension provided by force-free models. We show that GR relaxes the minimum required poloidal magnetospheric current for the transition of the polar cap to the accelerator regime, thus justifying the observation of weak pulsars beyond the expected death line. We denote that spin-down luminosity intermittency and radio pulse nullings for older pulsars might arise from the interplay between the polar and outer gaps. Also, narrower radio beams are expected for weaker low-obliquity pulsars.

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General relativity,Stellar magnetospheres,Plasma astrophysics,Computational methods,Compact objects,Millisecond pulsars

• Physical Sciences - Natural Sciences
• Earth and related Environmental Sciences - Natural Sciences