In this chapter, we examine which qualities and characteristics of hospital environments result in positive outcomes, with a particular focus on the patient. Specifically, we explore what fundamental psychological needs the physical environment of the hospital should address. We begin with two principles that guide research on the quality of the hospital experience: patient-centered care and evidence-based design. We then examine the effects of positive distraction, perceived control, and social support, elements from Ulrich’s (J Healthcare Inter Des 3:97–109, 1991) theory of supportive design. Within the realm of positive distraction, we review the effects of views of nature, healing gardens, live plants, art and simulated nature, television, and music. We include a section on the ecological validity of simulation techniques such as virtual reality. Within perceived control, we discuss opportunities for control (e.g., adjustable temperature), and the impact of single-occupancy rooms. Within social support, we examine the spatial arrangement of the hospital clinic and the availability of seating and other accommodation for family and visitors. We conclude with recommendations to continue research of high methodological quality, including more randomized controlled trials. In addition, we recommend exploring cultural variables that may moderate the relationship between the physical environment of the hospital and positive outcomes for patients.

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Patient-centered care,Evidence-based design,Hospital environment,Positive distraction,Social support,Perceived control