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Knoll,M., Götz, M., Adriasola, E, Al-Atwi, A. A., Arenas, A., Atitsogbe, K. A....Zacher, H. (2021). International differences in employee silence motives: Scale validation, prevalence, and relationships with culture characteristics across 33 Countries. Journal of Organizational Behavior. 42 (5), 619-648

M. Knoll et al.,  "International differences in employee silence motives: Scale validation, prevalence, and relationships with culture characteristics across 33 Countries", in Journal of Organizational Behavior, vol. 42, no. 5, pp. 619-648, 2021

@article{knoll2021_1714009597714,
	author = "Knoll,M. and Götz, M. and Adriasola, E and Al-Atwi, A. A. and Arenas, A. and Atitsogbe, K. A. and Barrett, S and Bhattacharjee, A. and Bogilović, S. and Bollmann, G.  and Bosak, J. and Bulut, C. and Carter, M. and Cerne, M. and Chui, S .L. M. and Di Marco, D. and Duden, G. and Elsey, V. and  Fujimura, M. and Gatti, P. and Ghislieri, C.  and Giessner, S. R. and Hino, K. and Hofmans, J. and Jønsson,T. and Kazimna, P. and Lowe, K. B. and Malagon, J. and Mohebbi, H. and Montgomery ,A. and Monzani, L. and Pieterse, A. N. and Ngoma, M. and Ozeren, E. and  O’Shea, D. and Ottsen, C.L. and Picket, J. and Rangkuti, A. A. and Retowski, S. and Ardabili, F. S. and Shaukat, R. and Silva, S.A. and Šimunić, A. and Steffens, N. K. and Sultanova, F. and Szücs, D. and Tavares, S. M. and Tipandjan, A. and van Dick, R. and Vasiljevic, D. and Wong, S. I. and Zacher, H.",
	title = "International differences in employee silence motives: Scale validation, prevalence, and relationships with culture characteristics across 33 Countries",
	journal = "Journal of Organizational Behavior",
	year = "2021",
	volume = "42",
	number = "5",
	doi = "10.1002/job.2512",
	pages = "619-648",
	url = "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/job.2512"
}

TY  - JOUR
TI  - International differences in employee silence motives: Scale validation, prevalence, and relationships with culture characteristics across 33 Countries
T2  - Journal of Organizational Behavior
VL  - 42
IS  - 5
AU  - Knoll,M.
AU  - Götz, M.
AU  - Adriasola, E
AU  - Al-Atwi, A. A.
AU  - Arenas, A.
AU  - Atitsogbe, K. A.
AU  - Barrett, S
AU  - Bhattacharjee, A.
AU  - Bogilović, S.
AU  - Bollmann, G. 
AU  - Bosak, J.
AU  - Bulut, C.
AU  - Carter, M.
AU  - Cerne, M.
AU  - Chui, S .L. M.
AU  - Di Marco, D.
AU  - Duden, G.
AU  - Elsey, V.
AU  -  Fujimura, M.
AU  - Gatti, P.
AU  - Ghislieri, C. 
AU  - Giessner, S. R.
AU  - Hino, K.
AU  - Hofmans, J.
AU  - Jønsson,T.
AU  - Kazimna, P.
AU  - Lowe, K. B.
AU  - Malagon, J.
AU  - Mohebbi, H.
AU  - Montgomery ,A.
AU  - Monzani, L.
AU  - Pieterse, A. N.
AU  - Ngoma, M.
AU  - Ozeren, E.
AU  -  O’Shea, D.
AU  - Ottsen, C.L.
AU  - Picket, J.
AU  - Rangkuti, A. A.
AU  - Retowski, S.
AU  - Ardabili, F. S.
AU  - Shaukat, R.
AU  - Silva, S.A.
AU  - Šimunić, A.
AU  - Steffens, N. K.
AU  - Sultanova, F.
AU  - Szücs, D.
AU  - Tavares, S. M.
AU  - Tipandjan, A.
AU  - van Dick, R.
AU  - Vasiljevic, D.
AU  - Wong, S. I.
AU  - Zacher, H.
PY  - 2021
SP  - 619-648
SN  - 0894-3796
DO  - 10.1002/job.2512
UR  - https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/job.2512
AB  - Employee silence, the withholding of work-related ideas, questions, or concerns from someone who could effect change, has been proposed to hamper individual and collective learning as well as the detection of errors and unethical behaviors in many areas of the world. To facilitate cross-cultural research, we validated an instrument measuring four employee silence motives (i.e., silence based on fear, resignation, prosocial, and selfish motives) in 21 languages. Across 33 countries (N = 8,222) representing diverse cultural clusters, the instrument shows good psychometric properties (i.e., internal reliabilities, factor structure, measurement invariance). Results further revealed similarities and differences in the prevalence of silence motives between countries, but did not necessarily support cultural stereotypes. To explore the role of culture for silence, we examined relationships of silence
motives with the societal practices cultural dimensions from the GLOBE Program. We found relationships between silence motives and power distance, institutional collectivism, and uncertainty avoidance. Overall, the findings suggest that relationships between silence and cultural dimensions are more complex than commonly assumed. We discuss the explanatory power of nations as (cultural) units of analysis, our social scientific approach, the predictive value of cultural dimensions, and opportunities to extend silence research geographically, methodologically, and conceptually 
ER  -