This main objective of this project is to study of criminal extradition processes between countries in South Europe and South America between the increase in Atlantic mobility, in the 1870s, and the beginning of the Second World War, in 1939. It hopes to contribute to the study of transnational crime and the development of diplomatic and police cooperation relations in combating new forms of crime, integrating them into a global history of crime, surveillance and criminal justice. Historiography on topics such as the repression of anarchism, trafficking in persons or drugs has emphasized that at the end of the 19th century, nation-states began to test cooperation strategies in the repression of criminal practices that transcended national borders. One of the cooperation strategies was the signing of agreements that facilitated the extradition of individuals accused or convicted of certain crimes and the extradition of individuals through an increasingly intense exchange of criminal information between diplomatic and police authorities. However, there is no study on the individuals who were effectively extradited and the processes that led to this action. On the other hand, geographically, international historiography has been mostly concentrated in the North Atlantic or, when it focuses on Latin America, dedicated mainly to the relations established between States in this region of the globe. This research aims to fill both gaps. The research will deepen the study of the relations between Brazil, Portugal, Spain and Italy. In Brazil, the empirical research will take place in the Archives of the Itamaraty and National Archives, in Rio de Janeiro, in Portugal in the Torre do Tombo and Archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, in Lisbon, in Spain in the Archivo del Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores y Cooperación in Madrid and in Italy at Archivio Storico Del Ministero Degli Affari Esteri and Archivio Centrale Dello Stato in Rome. The main objectives of this project a...

  This proposal will examine the expansion of popular justice in Europe from the French Revolution until the “Spring of Nations” in 1848. Surprisingly, the history of popular justice is an almost unexplored field even though the central issues directly related to this topic continue to dominate contemporary political and legal debates. Discussions regarding the merits and weaknesses of popular justice raise several fundamental questions: “Can popular justice perform the double function of maintaining public order and protecting individual freedoms?” “Do juries and elected magistrates have the competence and impartiality necessary to fulfil their role?” “Which classes of citizen should have the right to exercise these prerogatives?” Such questions arose with every change of regime in the late nineteenth and early nineteenth centuries. They were associated with the processes of political liberalism and national revolutions and touched upon the democratization and professionalization of the justice system. Popular justice was initially established in England, and then enshrined by the French Revolution. Concerned for the protection of individual freedoms, the French legislators adopted a legal model inspired by Common Law which was praised for its liberalism. The jury, in particular, was considered the best guarantor of independent and fair justice. However, French legislators introduced substantial modifications compared to Common Law. Their model was characterized by the inclusion of elected judges and thousands of jurors who had the huge responsibility of prosecuting and punishing crimes while at the same time defending the liberties of citizens. This process of inclusion led to the justice system opening up to less privileged classes (butchers, carpenters, potters, etc.) and to religious minorities (namely the Jews who were emancipated in 1792). This immediate participation of the people in the practice of justice was a revolutionary way to develop a democratic so...