Uncertainty significantly influences healthcare policy decisions, especially regarding lockdown exits during pandemics. This study examines both epidemiological and economic and social uncertainties affecting stay-at-home and essential workers concerning COVID-19 exposure. Using an epidemiological real options model, we assess how these uncertainties impact the timing of lockdown exit decisions. The results indicate that a higher policy-change value lengthens the lockdown delay. A greater shock correlation between stay-at-home and mask-only populations reduces this value, leading to earlier lockdown exits. By conceptually incorporating economic and social pressures, such as income disruption, public fatigue, and policy irreversibility, the model provides a more realistic understanding of the trade-offs faced by decision-makers. These findings bridge the discrepancies between public health recommendations and policymakers’ actions. Integrating options theory enables more informed decision making by considering uncertain risks and outcomes.

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Public health strategy,Uncertainty,Real options,Mitigation measures,Lockdown

• Health Sciences - Medical and Health Sciences
• Economics and Business - Social Sciences