This main objective of this project is to study of criminal extradition processes between countries in South Europe and South America between the increase in Atlantic mobility, in the 1870s, and the beginning of the Second World War, in 1939. It hopes to contribute to the study of transnational crime and the development of diplomatic and police cooperation relations in combating new forms of crime, integrating them into a global history of crime, surveillance and criminal justice. Historiography on topics such as the repression of anarchism, trafficking in persons or drugs has emphasized that at the end of the 19th century, nation-states began to test cooperation strategies in the repression of criminal practices that transcended national borders. One of the cooperation strategies was the signing of agreements that facilitated the extradition of individuals accused or convicted of certain crimes and the extradition of individuals through an increasingly intense exchange of criminal information between diplomatic and police authorities. However, there is no study on the individuals who were effectively extradited and the processes that led to this action. On the other hand, geographically, international historiography has been mostly concentrated in the North Atlantic or, when it focuses on Latin America, dedicated mainly to the relations established between States in this region of the globe. This research aims to fill both gaps. The research will deepen the study of the relations between Brazil, Portugal, Spain and Italy. In Brazil, the empirical research will take place in the Archives of the Itamaraty and National Archives, in Rio de Janeiro, in Portugal in the Torre do Tombo and Archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, in Lisbon, in Spain in the Archivo del Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores y Cooperación in Madrid and in Italy at Archivio Storico Del Ministero Degli Affari Esteri and Archivio Centrale Dello Stato in Rome. The main objectives of this project are: 1) Identify and analyze the diplomatic negotiation of extradition agreements between Brazil and Portugal, Spain and Italy. The signing of agreements that predicted crimes and established the process that would lead to extradition reveals the priorities of each government in criminal matters. In this way, understanding the positions assumed by each nation when signing the agreements is an important objective of this project. 2) Identify and characterize the extradition requests received, approved and refused between Brazil and Portugal, Brazil and Spain, Brazil and Italy, Portugal and Brazil, Portugal and Spain and Italy, and Italy and Spain. Identifying individuals and crimes, characterizing the process in the various instances of power that went through is central in an attempt to analyze extradition practices and the emergence of transnational crime in the international sphere. 3) Formal extradition processes are, however, the end of a reality that hides more routine exchanges of information about individuals and concrete crimes or more widespread fears about criminality. Thus, a central objective of this project is to analyze the exchange of information and the relations established between diplomatic authorities of the countries under study in the matter of transnational crime. The aim is to understand how legation chiefs and consuls in the countries in question began to exchange information with their foreign counterparts and with the other authorities in their country about criminal practices that transcended national borders. 4) Another important objective of this research is to analyze the exchange of information and the relations established between police authorities in the countries under study. Diplomatic channels (and now their archives) allow us to go beyond the action of diplomatic agents since they also served to circulate information from other national authorities, including police forces. Starting from the diplomatic archives and moving on to the police archives, we intend to understand when, how and why the national police forces began to feel the need to establish relations with their foreign counterparts, especially those located on the opposite side of the Atlantic. Characterizing and understanding these relationships is a key point of this research. 5) In the more specific field of police history, this project, by focusing on the growing international relations between police forces, will also allow us to deepen the study of the circulation of police models in the Ibero-American space, understanding the process through which the 'look to the other' began to influence the process of institutional, organizational and operational reform on both sides of the Atlantic.

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With the objective to increase the research activity directed towards the achievement of the United Nations 2030 Sustainable Development Goals, the possibility of associating scientific projects with the Sustainable Development Goals is now available in Ciência-IUL. These are the Sustainable Development Goals identified for this project. For more detailed information on the Sustainable Development Goals, click here.